Private Law
mostafa shahbazi; mahdi sajadikia
Abstract
By studying the existing works regarding the right of lien, it can be concluded that this right exists as an "absolute negative right" for the parties in the contracts, by which the parties can refuse to fulfill their obligations immediately after the conclusion of the contract. . make their ...
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By studying the existing works regarding the right of lien, it can be concluded that this right exists as an "absolute negative right" for the parties in the contracts, by which the parties can refuse to fulfill their obligations immediately after the conclusion of the contract. . make their obligations subject to fulfilling the obligations of the other party. In this theory, this right exists absolutely and unconditionally for each of the parties. This theory is stated in Article 377 of the Civil Code. In the research process, we come to the conclusion that this reading of the mentioned right is not without problems and it should be considered against some legal and jurisprudential principles and in some cases it leads to "intentional violation". In addition, the theory of "suspension" with the use of "objection and defense" can be presented as an alternative theory. According to this theory, not only is the lien not absolute and negative, but it is not multiplied by the number of parties.
Private Law
mohammad mojtaba rodijani; Hekmatullah Askari; Behnam Ensafi Azar
Abstract
The right of lien in Iranian law has been explained by jurists, considering Article 377 of the Civil Code. This article is included in the submission of the contract of sale and the jurists mainly deal with this article only in the topic of the right of lien. However, attention to other regulations, ...
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The right of lien in Iranian law has been explained by jurists, considering Article 377 of the Civil Code. This article is included in the submission of the contract of sale and the jurists mainly deal with this article only in the topic of the right of lien. However, attention to other regulations, jurisprudential analysis, and comparison with foreign laws demonstrate two types of liens can be identified in Iranian law: 1) equitable lien (in cases where there is a balance between the parties), 2) possessory lien (the legal right for a creditor to preserve the property of the debtor). This is while the review of the equitable lien in the works of legal writers did not leave room for an independent review of the lien of possession, even though this type of right of lien has been present in Iranian law since 1/6/1312 (1933) with the approval of the law on the debt of immigrants to guest houses and boarding houses. This article, through the descriptive-analytical method (library study), seeks to identify possessory lien as an independent institution in Iranian law with a comparative study.For this purpose, a comprehensive definition of the right of lien is provided in the present research: "The right of Lien is the legal right for a person that is settled in the property of others until the fulfillment of their debt and obligation." This definition, in addition to including various types of the right of lien by passing the traditional point of view, also opens the way for the use of other types of right of lien, including maritime lien, which is itself one of the type of the right of lien in possession, in Iranian law.
Amir Khajehzadeh; Seyed Rohollah Hoseini Mighan
Abstract
Marriage creates different rights for woman, including the right to receive dowry, alimony, etc. But in some cases it is possible that the man be unable to pay it due to some new issues that have been arisen, for example insolvency. So it can be said that receiving dowry and alimony is the woman's right, ...
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Marriage creates different rights for woman, including the right to receive dowry, alimony, etc. But in some cases it is possible that the man be unable to pay it due to some new issues that have been arisen, for example insolvency. So it can be said that receiving dowry and alimony is the woman's right, but law has provided some solutions for the woman in the case of inability to pay each of them. For example, in the case of failure to pay the dowry she has the right to do the particular submission and even she can split the dowry and do not comply the husband until receiving the last installment (as it has been mentioned in the judicial precedent). The supreme court by the judicial precedent number 708 dated 22.5.1387 announced that the dowry split do not conflict the right of judicial precedent and consequently sentencing the 718 dating to 13.2.1390 expanded the realm of lien to the absolute couple duties. Although these views seem to finish the conflicts, but correctness, effects, and the legal consequences of applying it needs to be analyzed and reviewed. This study which have been done by library and analytical approach analyzes the lien wife in the judicial procedure and beside analyzing the principle number 1058 of the civil law, it has been found that if both the man and woman have applied the lien, what should be done, and also it has been clarified that if a part of the dowry was not paid the woman has the lien until the time that the rest is paid and in the case of insolvency this is not set aside.
Rasool Ghasemi; sayyed mohammad hadi mahdavi; Davood Nasirian
Abstract
Due to exchanged contracts, failing to perform the obligation by each of the parties leads to the breach of contract. According to the principles of international commercial contracts and international convention on sale of goods, the obligee can terminate the contract for fundamental breaches. Violation ...
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Due to exchanged contracts, failing to perform the obligation by each of the parties leads to the breach of contract. According to the principles of international commercial contracts and international convention on sale of goods, the obligee can terminate the contract for fundamental breaches. Violation of fundamentals depends on the form of obligation and the importance of harmful consequences arising from violation. But in the convention on sale of goods, fundamental violation of contract is merely depends on contract violation. In Iranian legal system, there is no meaning for fundamental violation and the sanction of breach of contract depends on the contract subject. If the contract subject is definite object so according to the case, one of the legal options in the civil justice system will be used but if contract subject is thing of a general nature, act or forbearance, the obligate is bound to fulfillment of certain obligation, otherwise the obligee has the right to terminate the contract. According to some of law articles and jurists vote, the primary termination theory can be accepted beside the provisions of international commercial contracts and international convention on sale of goods so in Iranian legal system, recognition of termination right arising from fundamental termination of contract is consistent with legal and religious principles. To comparative study of fundamental termination, two factors should be considered: variety in sanctions of contract termination and respect to aggrieved party. These factors should be considered in domestic law as the basis of the rules amendment.
Bahram Darvish
Abstract
Since long ago, legal authorities of judiciary have disagreed about article 1085 of the Civil Code in regard to the scope of wife’s refusal right. Some have restricted it to particular and others have extended it to particular and general disobedience. Such disagreements and the issuance of contradictory ...
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Since long ago, legal authorities of judiciary have disagreed about article 1085 of the Civil Code in regard to the scope of wife’s refusal right. Some have restricted it to particular and others have extended it to particular and general disobedience. Such disagreements and the issuance of contradictory verdicts finally urged the Full Bench of the Supreme Court to issue a precedent verdict. According to the verdict the meaning of refusal right in the aforementioned article is general disobedience.
