alireza Azarbayejani; Farnaz Forouzan Boroojeni
Abstract
The methods of enforcing judgments are so important. History of Iranian legal system shows several enactments relating to enforcement of judgments and insolvency. Since those laws were not efficient over a long time, Iranian legislature has enacted the new version of Enforcing Pecuniary Judgments Act ...
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The methods of enforcing judgments are so important. History of Iranian legal system shows several enactments relating to enforcement of judgments and insolvency. Since those laws were not efficient over a long time, Iranian legislature has enacted the new version of Enforcing Pecuniary Judgments Act in 2015. Comparative analytical of the new Act with its previous version displays advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the issues surrounding the changes of new Act with focus on insolvency claim, including the necessity of recognition for losing party's property, attaching a complete inventory of all losing party's property to an insolvency petition, expanding the scope of the Act, burden of proof in insolvency claim, prerequisite for instalment orders or giving additional period for debtor and debtor's imprisonment as a last resort. In addition, it explores the possible difficulties. Furthermore, the paper analysis some vague understandings about enforcement of judgments relating to Mahr as special debt under Family Protection Act and according to specialia generalibus derogant.
Tavakkol Habibzadeh; keivan eghbali; Najmeh Samiei Nasab
Abstract
One of the main examples of the use of chemical weapons during modern armed conflicts is the widespread use of these weapons against Iranian soldiers and civilians and even Iraqi citizens, by the Iraqi army in the imposed war resulting in thousands being martyred or injured. Meanwhile, due to the need ...
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One of the main examples of the use of chemical weapons during modern armed conflicts is the widespread use of these weapons against Iranian soldiers and civilians and even Iraqi citizens, by the Iraqi army in the imposed war resulting in thousands being martyred or injured. Meanwhile, due to the need to protect its citizens, the Islamic Republic of Iran, given the severity of the harm done to the Iranian victims of chemical attacks and their families, has the task of facilitating the litigation of these individuals from the perpetrators of the attacks. In this regard, the judiciary is also of a pivotal task for facilitating the domestic litigation of Iranian victims of chemical attacks through internal judicial mechanisms. In this framework, although the domestic courts have competence to proceed in this case, but with regard to the non-criminalization of international crimes in Iran's domestic laws, the criminal or civil litigation of Iranian chemical victims and their families from Iraqi authorities and also, the people who helped the Iraqi Ba'ath army to achieve chemical weapons are subjected to the exact criminalization of international crimes, including the use of chemical weapons as an example of war crimes. On the other hand, according to the principle of judicial immunity of states, only the international responsibility of the United States for helping the Iraqi army to be armed with chemical weapons is litigious before the domestic courts of Iran, within the framework of the principle of countermeasure.
Nejadali Almasi; seyyed hossein asadi
Abstract
The right to sue the court is based on the jurisdiction of the judicial authority. This jurisdiction may be created simultaneously for more than one court in more than one country. In the statutes, there are cases that due to the impossibility of implementing the rules related to local jurisdiction and, ...
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The right to sue the court is based on the jurisdiction of the judicial authority. This jurisdiction may be created simultaneously for more than one court in more than one country. In the statutes, there are cases that due to the impossibility of implementing the rules related to local jurisdiction and, in particular, the involvement of an external element, the Tehran court, is competent. The jurisdiction of the court in these cases is a symbol of the general jurisdiction of the courts of Iran and because of its headquarters is the capital of Iran. For this reason, using the statutes and with the induction of existing laws, it is possible to extend the jurisdiction of this court as a rule, to other similar cases. In this way, by adopting this rule, not only the defect of the law is resolved, but also the parties get rid of the confusion. In addition, the court that deals with the matter is not afraid of being incompetent or likely protest to it. This topic, which has the capability of designing the title "expandingof local competence of the capital's court" in Iran's law, will be examined in the present paper.
mansoor Rahmdel
Mohammad Farahiha
Hissein Azami Chahar Borj; Yavar Fazli
Yousef Barari Chenari; Mojtaba Jahanian
Abstract
Bill of lading is one of the commercial documents that is used in marine transportation and has gained increasing importance and like other commercial documents such as check, bill of exchange, demand (promissory) note and warehouse receipt enjoys independent legal nature. Considering the importance ...
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Bill of lading is one of the commercial documents that is used in marine transportation and has gained increasing importance and like other commercial documents such as check, bill of exchange, demand (promissory) note and warehouse receipt enjoys independent legal nature. Considering the importance of the marine bill of lading in international trade development, its setting, issuing and contents according to Iran Marine Law and different international conventions and its impact on the level of forthcoming commitments of the sides, is critical. We can point out that including the number of copies of bill of lading and its particular forms in any given person, to remit a certain person and the bearer that the transfer capability of each is different. Contents of bill of lading, terms and phrases, some explicit and some implicit form, also will be mentioned. Explicit and implicit terms of bill of lading are another topic to be discussed in this article.
Reza Eslami; Farinaz Feizi
Abstract
This article first reviews the importance and the positive impact of the internet in our environment, and refers to the threats to users’ personal data, especially those very difficult to delete. The article then examines the possibility of removing personal data from the internet known as the ...
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This article first reviews the importance and the positive impact of the internet in our environment, and refers to the threats to users’ personal data, especially those very difficult to delete. The article then examines the possibility of removing personal data from the internet known as the right to be forgotten, and studies the European standards as to data protection and the right to informational self determination. The article finally analyses the theoretical as well as practical challenges between the right to be forgotten and freedom of expression, and, as a conclusion, provides certain suggestions in order to resolve the conflict between the two.
Atefeh Ajory
Abstract
Sometimes before compensation for moral damages and before the final decision to be issued, the victim dies. In such a situation, the main question is that if the inheritors can claim compensation for them (survival damages). Survival damages are those damages incurred by the decedent in his/her living. ...
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Sometimes before compensation for moral damages and before the final decision to be issued, the victim dies. In such a situation, the main question is that if the inheritors can claim compensation for them (survival damages). Survival damages are those damages incurred by the decedent in his/her living. Survivors may claim a wrongful death action against the tortfeasor in addition to survival action for non-pecuniary losses which they suffered in the result of this event (wrongful death damages). Wrongful death damages are those damages that arise as a result of the injury or death of direct victim. In acceptance of this type of claims and who are entitled to it, there is no consensus. Since blood-money institution exists in our legal system in the case of physical injuries and death, the status of blood-money should be considered in the ssurvivors claims. Since today the events leading to injuries and death frequently happen and the importance of the moral damages caused, in this article, we discuss the claims for such damages from the survivors.
Hasan Ali Moazen Zadegan
Seyed Mohammad Masoumi
Sattar Zarkalam
Morteza Naji
Ali Mohammad Fallahzadeh
Mohammadhossein Saket
Volume 66, Issue 39 , March 2002, , Pages 69-103
Private Law
ABBAS Mirshekari; Fateme Sadat Hosseini; afrouz samadi
Abstract
Losing expected benefit means benefits, which have not been existed yet, but have the potential to come into existence. Considering this kind of loss as a compensable damages has always been a controversial issue. The incertitude is mostly because the loss itself and its measures cannot be evaluated ...
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Losing expected benefit means benefits, which have not been existed yet, but have the potential to come into existence. Considering this kind of loss as a compensable damages has always been a controversial issue. The incertitude is mostly because the loss itself and its measures cannot be evaluated for certain. Therefore, determining reasonable evaluation method might make compensating this damage much easier. In this article, a general study is conducted on this subject and we have tried to focus on the methods of evaluating this kind of damage, considering the judicial procedure as well as the experience of other legal systems. It is thus proposed, in case the tortfeasor’s act has ceased the previous status/benefit of the injured person, the injured person’s previous status must be considered as the basis of compensation. Otherwise, when the tortfeasor’s act has deprived the injured person from gaining an expected (new) benefit, the status of his peers are held as the basis of compensation. Moreover, the extremity of the assessment of the loss of profit is usually until when the injured person is put back into his previous status. Otherwise, custom and law are the two elements, which are used in order to determine this extremity.
Criminal Law
Rasool Ahmadzadeh; ahmad Rezaeepanah
Abstract
Currently, the change of agricultural lands is one of the important challenges of Iran's agricultural sector. Land use change annually removes a large part of agricultural land from the production cycle. The legislature has not yet adopted a consistent approach to deal with this crime, so that the 70s ...
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Currently, the change of agricultural lands is one of the important challenges of Iran's agricultural sector. Land use change annually removes a large part of agricultural land from the production cycle. The legislature has not yet adopted a consistent approach to deal with this crime, so that the 70s can be considered a period of deliberation and drawing, the 80s a period of change and regulation, and the 90s a period of weakening and destroying penal policy to preserve agricultural land use. And he knew the gardens.Land use change analysis and examining the strengths and weaknesses of legislation, along with paying attention to the proper judicial procedure, can reveal the existing challenges and gaps. In this article, I will analyze the elements of this offense and the possible interpretations of exceptions to land use change in an analytical manner. Then, according to the changes in the Islamic Penal Code adopted in 1392 in grading crimes and setting deadlines, we will answer the question of whether this action is considered a punishment or not by scrutinizing the nature of "tin and repression". According to the selected basis and subject, the writing method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library data has been used in data collection.
Criminal Law
rasool ahmadzadeh; zahra mashayekhi
Abstract
From one perspective, crimes are classified into two types of offences irrespective of condition of the victim and forgivable. The forgivable crimes are those that deserve special attention in addition to the public aspect. The legislator in this category of crimes has a significant stake in the plaintiff's ...
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From one perspective, crimes are classified into two types of offences irrespective of condition of the victim and forgivable. The forgivable crimes are those that deserve special attention in addition to the public aspect. The legislator in this category of crimes has a significant stake in the plaintiff's will so that the initiation, pursuit, prosecution and enforcement of the sentence is subject to the plaintiff's complaint and failure to pass. The present study deals with one of the assumptions regarding the plaintiff's expulsion announcement that, prior to the expiration of the pledge, agreements are reached between the plaintiff and the custodian. In this research we will seek to answer the question of what is the legal nature of the past and can previous agreements be constrained? Our hypothesis is that forgiveness is inherently a kind of will, and although the agreements reached can make it a condition, it has virtually no effect on the judicial process.
Private Law
Abdolsaeed Badiei; farhad PARVIN
Abstract
Certain Authorities of Religious Minorities in Iran’s Act and theEffects of Their DecisionsOne the innovations in the new act of family support is observed in article 4 for the authorities of religiousminorities. Concerning the competence of these authorities and their relationships with the judicial ...
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Certain Authorities of Religious Minorities in Iran’s Act and theEffects of Their DecisionsOne the innovations in the new act of family support is observed in article 4 for the authorities of religiousminorities. Concerning the competence of these authorities and their relationships with the judicial courts,legislators deny the competence of the general courts in hearing the minority affairs based on their religiouscommonalities and certain rules and habits. Moreover, given that these authorities are competent to hear thepersonal status and non-litigious affairs of the religious minorities and are legally recognized to do so, they canbe, to some extent, considered as an exceptional part of the judicial judgment institution. As a result, theirdecisions are valid in the courts and are ratified and enforced if they are compatible with the public order andmorality.Keywords: religious minorities, certain authorities, common and certain rules and habits, judicial system,judicial authority
Private Law
Morteza Torabi; Iraj Babaei; abbas toosi
Abstract
Fundamental human rights have traditionally been discussed in public law and can be applied to state-citizen relations (vertical relations). However, its application in the relationship between citizens (horizontal relationship) is undeniable. In this article, we first describe the principles and methods ...
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Fundamental human rights have traditionally been discussed in public law and can be applied to state-citizen relations (vertical relations). However, its application in the relationship between citizens (horizontal relationship) is undeniable. In this article, we first describe the principles and methods of exercising fundamental rights in contractual relations between individuals. These foundations are based on the theory of state action, fundamentalism, and public policy. We will then see how the social principle at the source of rights such as freedom of education, strike, access to information, freedom of employment and freedom of religion, which are necessary for social life in a democratic society, should not be violated in contract law. The main question is how social dignity as a principle is respected and respected in contract law. In case of violation of the principle, what effect does it have on the validity of the contract? This article answers this question with analytical and library methods and relying on the analysis of different opinions of the courts of some legal systems of European countries, it can be said, in Iranian law, the rights arising from the principle of the above are general civil rights that cannot be revoked by contract, even in part. Violation of these rights will invalidate all or part of the contract.
Criminal Law
Hamid Bahremand; Zahra Sakiani
Abstract
Behavioral economics is a branch of economics that seeks to modify the hypotheses of neoclassical economics using the findings of other sciences, especially psychology. This article examines from the perspective of behavioral economics what factors can be effective in criminals' decision to commit a ...
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Behavioral economics is a branch of economics that seeks to modify the hypotheses of neoclassical economics using the findings of other sciences, especially psychology. This article examines from the perspective of behavioral economics what factors can be effective in criminals' decision to commit a crime. To this end, some cognitive biases and exploratory rules, each of which is somehow related to gathering information to commit a crime and assessing the certainty and severity of punishments are explained and their implications for policy-making are noted.Of course, it should be noted that many of the issues that will be addressed have not been specifically tested in the decisions of criminals, but they are discoveries and cognitive biases that exist in general and among many human beings. Given that the application of findings obtained in a context other than the commission of a crime may have results that are not directly applicable in the context of the commission of the crime, it seems that conducting empirical research to assess these cases in the decision to commit a crime in particular can increase the accuracy of these findings. As will be stated in the article, sometimes due to the existence of some biases and exploratory rules, it is not possible to believe in the economic analysis of criminal behavior that increasing the severity and certainty of punishments reduces crime and sometimes other factors are needed to increase the severity and certainty of the punishments should be considered. It seems that considering these cases can help to increase the effectiveness of policies against crimes and be useful in explaining cases where policies against crimes have not been effective or less effective.
Family Law
Touba Shakeri; Zahra Babazadeh
Abstract
The sexual abuse of the wife by the husband is not explicitly recognized in the Iranian legal system. However, in light of some of the provisions in the family law, one can find the grounds to consider this issue. Due to the legislator's silence in defining conjugal obedience, separating general and ...
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The sexual abuse of the wife by the husband is not explicitly recognized in the Iranian legal system. However, in light of some of the provisions in the family law, one can find the grounds to consider this issue. Due to the legislator's silence in defining conjugal obedience, separating general and specific obedience and determining the limits and scope of each, identification and recognition of the sexual rights of couples in family lawsuits face challenges. This study answers the questions that, given the sexual abuse by the husband, what legislative mechanism is provided to support the wife in the Iranian legal system and how family court judges interpret these laws. This paper, using a qualitative approach and case study methodology, after reviewing jurisprudential texts and reviewing legal laws investigates the judicial procedure of family courts in Tehran province in issuing rulings requiring obedience or judicial divorce due to sexual harassment of the wife by analyzing the content of cases, interviewing judges and women applicants of divorce. Findings show that judges’ interpretations of the instances of sexual misconduct are varied and verification of the wife's sexual hardship, in addition to the difficulty of proof, lacks clear criteria and is based on judges' personal interpretations of the scope of conjugal obedience. Therefore, there seems to be a need to include the conventional sexual rights of couples in the family laws and establish a unified procedure in issuing a sentence of non-obligation to obey and verification of the wife's hardship in cases of sexual abuse by the husband.
Criminal Law
ali amiri; Javadj Tahmasebi; Batool Pakzad
Abstract
In this article, "Application of the principle of equality in guaranteeing impartial criminal proceedings" has been researched by descriptive-analytical method. Examining the dimensions and angles of the principles of "equality" and "impartiality" set forth in Articles 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal ...
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In this article, "Application of the principle of equality in guaranteeing impartial criminal proceedings" has been researched by descriptive-analytical method. Examining the dimensions and angles of the principles of "equality" and "impartiality" set forth in Articles 2 and 3 of the Code of Criminal Procedure and explaining the commonalities and differences and explaining the role of these two rituals in evaluating the performance of judges and the legislator's guarantee policy, are among the objectives of this study. Although the emphasis on the implementation of the principle of equality in the constitution indicates the privileged position of this principle in the judicial security of the country, but, the findings of the study suggest that the legislature in implementing its criminal policy, has not used all the capabilities of this important in standardizing the behavior of judges and in the face of global conventions and the strategy of the unity of international law, it has not adopted a clear strategy. The result is that, today the capability and authority of the system has the ability to technically revise the laws in accordance with the fixed and changing principles of Islam and Jafari dynamic jurisprudence and in accordance with the requirements of the time, and declare its firm position on conflicting issues. By specifying the role of the psychological element in violations and stating the prohibition of violation of the principles of equality and impartiality in different stages of the trial along with appropriate punishments, the criterion of justification of judicial rulings should also be stated and prevented the accumulation and formation of cases subject to the provisions of Article 477 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
Criminal Law
Vahid Bazvand; hosein normohamadi
Abstract
The nature of computer tools is the way it is used and the type of its function, which can be seen in two ways: active with the technical function, or passive with the dominance of deceptive human activity, enable them to play two different roles and ultimately form There are two distinct types of fraud ...
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The nature of computer tools is the way it is used and the type of its function, which can be seen in two ways: active with the technical function, or passive with the dominance of deceptive human activity, enable them to play two different roles and ultimately form There are two distinct types of fraud including classical and computer fraud. Based on this, those believe the broad interpretation, consider the mere use of a computer-based tool during the criminal's activity to be sufficient to computer fraud. On the opposite, the followers of the narrow interpretation, by presenting a logical and Conceptual interpretation of Article 741 of the Islamic Penal Code (the section on computer crimes), consider computer tools to be effective in the formation of computer fraud only in two sections: "How to use and type of operation" and "commitment situation" that qualify for special conditions during the monitoring and processing of data and the interaction of two systems at the beginning and destination, which associated with indirect human action. This research, with the method of studying official and library sources and evaluating the judicial procedure and some court decisions, succeeded in identifying and extracting three objective criteria: "a computer as an inherent characteristic of a tool with data processing capability", "the need for culpable to use the technical and active function of a tool" and finally "the virtuality of the platform from the beginning to the end of the process of creating and realizing the crime in this platform" which seems to be effective in the differential evaluation of these two forms of fraud in Similar cases. In this regard, it is suggested three criteria be applied in the form of an approved law, so that the challenge in question doesn’t lead to Division and disagreement in judicial procedure.
Private Law
mohamadreza bagheri; Jafar Jamali; mahmud khdeman
Abstract
Law and justice are closely linked, and decisions that do not conform to justice Following the currency crises of 1993, 2002, 2012 and the recent foreign exchange crisis and the non-fulfillment of currency obligations in due time, the claim for a delay in payment of foreign currency, is one of the most ...
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Law and justice are closely linked, and decisions that do not conform to justice Following the currency crises of 1993, 2002, 2012 and the recent foreign exchange crisis and the non-fulfillment of currency obligations in due time, the claim for a delay in payment of foreign currency, is one of the most complex and prevalent claims nowadays. The judicial precedent in this regard is not much clear. The origin of the dispute, results from the nature of the currency obligations and its non-prevalence essence. One stated comment (as the dominant view) suggests that the common currency mentioned in Article 522 of the Iranian Civil Procedure Code for Public and Civil Revolutionary Courts is limited and dedicated to the domestic currency money and does not include any foreign exchanges. The other opinion would suggest that this lawsuit is after all actionable. The same dispute exists in respect with the private agreement on determining the delay damage of payment obligations (including currency and Rial). By understanding the undeniable role of currency in the economic activities and the need to support foreign investment, it is essential to legally examine and review this claim and its reasons and justifications. It seems that the Article 522 of the mentioned law, which is cited by the courts, seeks to govern the power of the money and doesn’t include the determination of the contractual monetary obligation and the delay damage in payment in its strict sense. Therefor in the light of legal citations and documents which approve the claim of delay damages of payment and its basic philosophy, it is possible to hear these claims and decide upon it.
