Private Law
Shirzad Heidari Shabaz; Mohsen Mohebi; Gholamali Seifi Zeinab,
Abstract
Driverless cars have made the jump from fantasy to the physical realm and their use is increasing day after day. In their most advanced form, a driving system is replaced with a human driver which takes control of the vehicle when driving. Regardless of the conventional issues of civil liability, what ...
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Driverless cars have made the jump from fantasy to the physical realm and their use is increasing day after day. In their most advanced form, a driving system is replaced with a human driver which takes control of the vehicle when driving. Regardless of the conventional issues of civil liability, what draws attention in the first place is the mechanism of compensation for accidents caused by these driverless vehicles. Therefore, the main question that we seek to answer in this article is: If the responsibility of the insurer is based on social cooperation, can the system of compensation for damages caused by automobile accidents that currently prevails in Iran's legal system be responsible for the compensation of damages caused by such automobile accidents? Relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research and the use of library resources, this article has reached the conclusion that the compensation system outlined in the Compulsory Insurance Law of 2016 which is based on social cooperation can handle this important issue, although it needs to be developed.
Philosophy of Law
Seyed Hoseini; firouz mahmoudi; Batool Pakzad
Abstract
AbstractThe concept of "right" has always been discussable and controversial during the time. Therefore the nature and existence of the "right not to be punished" are often discussed as challengeable issues among philosophers. The discussion has become more serious between proponents and opponents of ...
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AbstractThe concept of "right" has always been discussable and controversial during the time. Therefore the nature and existence of the "right not to be punished" are often discussed as challengeable issues among philosophers. The discussion has become more serious between proponents and opponents of the aforementioned right especially in the last few decades. Through a descriptive-analytical method (library study), this article, while studying the nature of the right not to be punished, from the perspective of both natural and positivist (positive) approaches, examines the existence or non-existence of this right in the perspective of its proponents and opponents. Our research found that the “right not to be punished” is as the type of “conditional negative claim-right” that the proponents of natural rights, justifies its existence. while positivists do not believe such a right. Even they are talking about “the right to be punished” and the government,s duty to punish criminals. of course, the number of philosophers who agree with the “right not to be punished” and the reasons for their justification is less than the number of philosophers who oppose it; But these same justifiable reasons (the proponents) are more in line with the approach of natural law, moral theories of punishment, human dignity and the principle of criminal law as last and least resort. Generally, “the right not to be punished” does not mean never to be punished, but to impose a corrective, dignified, minimal and, necessary punishment on the offender.
Criminal Law
Jafar Reshadati; Ali Rezaei
Abstract
In recent years, the debate of publishing and reporting the punishments of economic offenders in the media has been challenged. This matter enhanced its importance about judges and prosecutors for the necessity of dealing with corruption at the level of sovereignty and, at the same time, the importance ...
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In recent years, the debate of publishing and reporting the punishments of economic offenders in the media has been challenged. This matter enhanced its importance about judges and prosecutors for the necessity of dealing with corruption at the level of sovereignty and, at the same time, the importance of maintaining the place of judgment. From their point of view, the release of images and names of the convicts was also sensitive. From criminologists’ perspective, each punishment contains advantages and disadvantages. Meanwhile neglecting the purposes of scandal's pathology and Tash'hir, in Iranian penal system that is imposed on corrupt judges, leads to overcoming incommodities instead of gaining benefits. This article seeks to review the country's laws regarding to Tash'hir and recent approaches of the judicial authorities and to conclude that according to the current rules and doctrines, the public disclosure of corrupt judges may be more offensive than promoting.
Business Law
Omolbanin Ramezanzadeh; Seyed Hassan Hosseini Moghadam
Abstract
According to the Commercial Code, a bankrupt merchant is exempt from paying late payment compensation after stopping. Disagreement over whether the guarantor of the bankrupt merchant follows the merchant regarding the compensation for late payment compensation has caused the General Assembly of the Supreme ...
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According to the Commercial Code, a bankrupt merchant is exempt from paying late payment compensation after stopping. Disagreement over whether the guarantor of the bankrupt merchant follows the merchant regarding the compensation for late payment compensation has caused the General Assembly of the Supreme Court to issue a unanimous decision No. 788 dated 2020/06/16in which, in authors opinion, Civil opinion overcomes the issue of dispute and the special conditions of the Commercial Code and the comprehensive provisions that apply to bankruptcy are abandoned and regardless of the circumstances of bankruptcy according to the rule of guarantor liability compliance with the main debt in civil law, The guarantor is also exempt from paying the compensation for the delay. The question that comes to mind is whether in all cases the amount of liability of the guarantor is a function of the amount of liability of the subject and follows it? In this article, through descriptive-analytical research method, the commercial law and the different view governing trade relations in different fields were considered and led us to believe that, basically, except in special cases, purely civil views and provisions of the civil law should not be used in interpreting commercial regulations and the theory of commercial regulation independence should have been protected to meet the commercial needs of society. This independence has been violated in the unanimous vote of the mentioned procedure and has caused confusion of the provisions of commercial law and civil law. Inevitably, like the vote of unity of procedure 811, which was held to explicit the vote 733; By issuing a new unification procedure, or explicitly amending articles such as Article 405 or Article 421 of the Commercial code, the guarantor shall retain responsible for paying the late payment compensation despite the bankruptcy and exemption of the trader.
Hadi Rostami; Farhad Mirzaeii
Abstract
Punishment is of the subjects that has close relationship to industrial evolutions. Penal systems, equivalent to the industrialization of society and appearance of new technologies, are exposed to different transformations. Punishments such as imprisonment, fines, withdrawal of tranquility, forced labor ...
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Punishment is of the subjects that has close relationship to industrial evolutions. Penal systems, equivalent to the industrialization of society and appearance of new technologies, are exposed to different transformations. Punishments such as imprisonment, fines, withdrawal of tranquility, forced labor and new methods of execution, more or less, is affected by industrialization and are seriously made ups and downs, as a result of complexity and evolutions of societies. So, in the historical consideration of punishments, it may not neglect the role of industry and technology therein and reduce their evolutions to merely development of philosophical and mental human thinking. The article is to assess long effect of industrialization on the punishment, by an historical review on evolutions of punishments, particularly its some kinds, and establish the theory by drawing and reviewing some historical samples.
Abolhassan Shakeri; Behroz Gholizadeh
Abstract
Captaincy that causes commission of crime by designing, constituting, organizing or managing of criminal group is assistance in crime in respect of behavior. However in other hand it is aggravated factor because captain dose not commit a crime principally but he is convicted to maximum punishment of ...
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Captaincy that causes commission of crime by designing, constituting, organizing or managing of criminal group is assistance in crime in respect of behavior. However in other hand it is aggravated factor because captain dose not commit a crime principally but he is convicted to maximum punishment of offence which member of group commit in direction of aim of group by according with s.130. In some cases that sentence of person aggravate on basis of special statutes by reason of leadership or forming a band, network or organizations could not impose punishment again by s.130. Legal persons can not become member or captain of group or captain, In spite of they may have criminal liability. In attention on minimum of group is three persons, time of captaincy of group is time of designing, constituting, organizing or managing of criminal group, no time of committing of crime even members of group deduces to less of three members.
Philosophy of Law
Reza Pourmohammadi; Mohammad Mahdi Yousefi
Abstract
Although the focus of judicial decisions is on laws and evidence, other factors also play crucial roles. Judges' gender is one such factor hypothetically influencing judicial decision-making. The present study seeks to determine whether, based on statistical and empirical evidence, a correspondence can ...
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Although the focus of judicial decisions is on laws and evidence, other factors also play crucial roles. Judges' gender is one such factor hypothetically influencing judicial decision-making. The present study seeks to determine whether, based on statistical and empirical evidence, a correspondence can be detected between the judges’ gender and their judicial decision-making. Using the descriptive-analytical method, the present study tries, first, to achieve a coherent understanding of this issue by analyzing the research already carried out on the judges' gender and, in the next step, to provide solutions to control –or at least minimize- the unconscious impact of gender on decision-making. The solutions presented in this research fall into two categories: personal strategies and structural strategies. In the first category, we try to provide recommendations to strengthen cognitive powers, while in the second, we will suggest ways to minimize the impact of judges' gender by structurally reforming the judiciary system
Abas Karimi; Hadi Shabani Kandsari
Abstract
The possibility of transaction of future property is studied in this article. The purpose of doing this paper is studying of the bases of nullity of transaction of future property and designing of the general rule for these transactions, and we were encountered to this question that why the famous of ...
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The possibility of transaction of future property is studied in this article. The purpose of doing this paper is studying of the bases of nullity of transaction of future property and designing of the general rule for these transactions, and we were encountered to this question that why the famous of jurists and lawyers knew as nullity transaction of future property, and how much the given arguments are valid and also in what cases it is possible to know truth the transaction of future property under a general rule. The result was that transaction of future property has known as nullity mainly because of some Jurisprudential exemplum (called Revayat in Islamic jurisprudence) and the forbidden of belonging of possession of nonexistent and its uncertainty, while there are also some Jurisprudential exemplum indicating the truth of transaction of future property. Moreover, prompt possession is not the inherent prerequisite of possessive contracts and possession takes place after the emersion of the subject of contract. In addition, transaction of future property is not uncertain and should be known as truth, if there is conjecture of creation of the property in the future according to the normal routine of affairs. Therefore, the existence of subject of contract meanwhile of conclusion is not of the main conditions and general rule and is necessary only in the cases which the mind basis of the parties is on the transaction of existent property
Masoumeh Mazaheri; Nayereh Porrasol
Abstract
The use of adjuvant therapies for overcoming infertility has increased as the result of prominent scientific advances in medical sphere. A new method to treating infertility is surrogacy. It's necessary, when the couple has all factors that affect fertility, but due to the lack of a healthy uterus, they ...
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The use of adjuvant therapies for overcoming infertility has increased as the result of prominent scientific advances in medical sphere. A new method to treating infertility is surrogacy. It's necessary, when the couple has all factors that affect fertility, but due to the lack of a healthy uterus, they are deprived of having children. But this new-emerging phenomenon, like other scientific achievements, has broad religious and legal dimensions which will be required attention and clarification. Confusion in the nature of the surrogacy, are some of challenges that always have attracted thinkers. Hence, by adapting the nature of this contract to certain contracts that have a similar structure, it was clear that surrogacy contract is formed by a set of obligations, so that all the obligations cannot be raised from a contract. This contract should be included in indefinite contracts and Article 10 of the Civil Code by utilizing principles of sovereignty of the will and freedom of contracts.
Registration Law
Reza Daryaee; Mostafa Karbalaei Aghazadeh
Abstract
Binding is one of the advantages of official documents which in some cases due to notable considerations is generalized to normal documents too. Beneficiaries of such documents, after attending document regulator office or registering department with execution, based on the case, can pursuit the execution ...
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Binding is one of the advantages of official documents which in some cases due to notable considerations is generalized to normal documents too. Beneficiaries of such documents, after attending document regulator office or registering department with execution, based on the case, can pursuit the execution process via registration department. Determination of a competent authority for proceeding complaints of mentioned dual actions and the way of proceeding is one of the challenging matters in law of registration and jurisprudence. A question one may encounter is “Whether complaining execution in all cases, is in authority of the head of local registration office?” there are different answers for this question. In this research, the author will criticize the common attitude. Also while considering various articles, Supreme Court’s and High Council of Registers’ Judgments, the necessity of separation between cases, competent authority in proceeding complaints and the way of proceedings are defined. This article shows that examination of the execution process in some cases, in which they are just statements of right, without any legal aspect, is in the authority of the head of local registration office. And if there is any necessity for legal examination, the court is competent to do that.
Mohammad Jafari jalali; mohammad riyahi
Abstract
After industrial revolution in nineteenth century, some amazing improvements appeared in scientific field. Outbreak of these improvements in world society created a lot of new problems and made jurists to find solution. One of these accessions is firm offer. So about the effect of firm offer in the opposite ...
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After industrial revolution in nineteenth century, some amazing improvements appeared in scientific field. Outbreak of these improvements in world society created a lot of new problems and made jurists to find solution. One of these accessions is firm offer. So about the effect of firm offer in the opposite of some jurists and lawyers we should say, offer is an unilateral juridical act that it doesn'tcreate any obligation for offeror, and he can withdraw of his offer in every time before acceptance. it means, it doesn't make any obligation, merely, by binding the offer with limited time. Unless, the offeror has extincted revocation right impliedly or expressly. So, about the tortious liability of withdrawer only by resort on the rule of la-zarar (or causing loss and damage is prohibited in Islam, through abusing one's own property) - according to this point that rule can be able to create ordinance - under some circumstances is obliged to compensate for another party's losses.
Amin Jafari
Majid Abbastabar Firoozjah; Ali Roohizadeh
Abstract
The limitation clauses are clauses which have defensive effect. The purpose of these clauses is to give a defensive means to defendant that should be invoked and the court, if considered it to be effective, reduces defendant's liability. Prescription is a legislative limitation clause by which the defendant ...
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The limitation clauses are clauses which have defensive effect. The purpose of these clauses is to give a defensive means to defendant that should be invoked and the court, if considered it to be effective, reduces defendant's liability. Prescription is a legislative limitation clause by which the defendant is entitled to ask court not to hear the case. Since the prescription is a right for defendant, (s)he can refuse to invoke to it. So, the parties can change the period of prescription by lengthening or shortening it. In prolonging or shortening of prescription, the parties should observe standards of reasonableness. So, they can’t remove the prescription or shorten it below a reasonable time for litigation. When there is no general rule of prescription in a legal system, like Iranian law, the parties can limit their liability as to time by a contractual term. As the limitation clause is valid, the clause which limiting the time should be constituted valid.
Bagher Shamlou; Abolfazl Yousefi
Abstract
Since 2001, due to the occurrence of unforeseen events detrimental to public order repeatedly states declared a state of emergency and apply extra ordinary measures. Source of such legitimacy is cited to public emergency. Public emergency means a state that there is a great and immediate threaten against ...
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Since 2001, due to the occurrence of unforeseen events detrimental to public order repeatedly states declared a state of emergency and apply extra ordinary measures. Source of such legitimacy is cited to public emergency. Public emergency means a state that there is a great and immediate threaten against fundamental rights within a specific time and place in such a way that public order is disturbed sharply. Parameters of public emergency in human rights instruments are the objective or imminent threat against the life of nation. So, the possibility of a terrorist attack is considered to be the truest.
Sakineh Karami
Abstract
Nowadays imposing unfair terms on weak contracting party by strong party especially in consumer contracts is an undeniable fact. In foreign law primarily courts interfered in benefit of the weak party and by assistance of interpretative techniques used the capacity of general prenciples of contracts ...
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Nowadays imposing unfair terms on weak contracting party by strong party especially in consumer contracts is an undeniable fact. In foreign law primarily courts interfered in benefit of the weak party and by assistance of interpretative techniques used the capacity of general prenciples of contracts to confront those terms and in the next step the approach of protecting consumer against unfair terms was followed by legislators. Now consumer code of most countries has a part for control of unfair terms that defines some contract terms as unfair and declare them invalid.but unforchonatly in iran the consumer protection code has not such regulations.so in this circumstances of legislative vacumm and considering the necessity of intervention, the only solution is judicial control. the study of techniques that courts have utilized to confronting these terms in the other countries shows that minimal tools which is necessary for this control is also available in the iran law.the most important legal tool that seems iranian courts can use for confronting unfair terms is the concept of public policy(article 975 of Civil Code)
Criminal Law
SayedHamid Hoseyni; Firouz Mahmoudi Janaki
Abstract
he mental disposition of individualism and natural law advocates is the main trough of the "right not to be punished". This right is an innovative and great disputable issue among the law philosophers of Criminal Law. Multidimensionality and ambiguity of "right" and "punishment" have caused a wider area ...
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he mental disposition of individualism and natural law advocates is the main trough of the "right not to be punished". This right is an innovative and great disputable issue among the law philosophers of Criminal Law. Multidimensionality and ambiguity of "right" and "punishment" have caused a wider area of the aforementioned challenge. This article presents the meaning of the "right to not be punished" besides doing some studies on its main philosophical and criminological foundations through the descriptive-analytic method. The findings of the study indicate that the "right to not be punished" is in the category of a priori, natural and fundamental human rights and is of the type of "conditional negative claim-right". Human dignity, philosophical principles of avoiding harm and harassment as philosophical theories of pressure, radical (critical) and labelling are among the criminological foundations of the formation of this right, which has made its philosophical underpinnings more understandable and acceptable by referring to other researches in social sciences. It is obvious that paying attention to the concept and foundations of the aforesaid right, results in reasonable saving on both criminalization and sentencing in criminal law.
Arbitration Law
Mohammadali Bahmaei; Ehsan Solhi
Abstract
The New York Convention of 1958 as the major international instrument about arbitration, despite its title, does not entirely concern recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, but also deals with the recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements. It was dealt with this later subject in ...
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The New York Convention of 1958 as the major international instrument about arbitration, despite its title, does not entirely concern recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards, but also deals with the recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements. It was dealt with this later subject in Art. II which was, at the initiative of Dutch delegation, included into the text at the closing date of the Conference and led to various ambiguities before Doctrine and inside the case law of member states and it can be said that Art. II is one of the thorniest provisions of this international instrument. The issues ranging from arbitration agreements covered by the Convention, the applicable law to arbitrability of the dispute, and compliance with formal requirements, inconsistent with international trade, to conclude arbitration agreement, to the issues regarding the ambiguities of Para. 3 of this Article concerning process, conditions and obstacles to the enforcement of arbitration agreements, caused the application of Art. II of this instrument to be viewed as Achilles' heel in the case law of member states to the extent that even some old proponents of the Convention have insisted on amendment of this instrument, including Art. II, and proposed for a so-called Miami Draft. In conjunction with examination of the ambiguities of Art. II, this essay examines its application in the case law of the member states and as well as the Miami Draft. It is hoped that this enriched case law could help Iranian courts in harmonized application of the Convention in the stage of recognition and enforcement of arbitration agreements.
Abolghasem Fallahi
Abstract
Mitigation of punishment is one of the effective tools of criminal policy in implementing the individualization principle of punishment, more effectiveness, and attainment of the rehabilitative and corrective goals. In Iranian criminal law, according to Islamic jurisprudence, there is no Mitigation of ...
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Mitigation of punishment is one of the effective tools of criminal policy in implementing the individualization principle of punishment, more effectiveness, and attainment of the rehabilitative and corrective goals. In Iranian criminal law, according to Islamic jurisprudence, there is no Mitigation of punishment in the Qisas and Diyat, and these penalties are subject to their own rules. In the scope of Ta'zirat, before adoption of the Islamic Penal Code of 2013, the Mitigation of punishment was not organized in the laws and there was no clear judicial procedure in the criminal courts regarding the manner and the amount of Mitigation. The evolutions and changes made in this law based on corrective goals and social defense are accompanied by a different approach to the Mitigation. On the one hand, the amount of Mitigation is determined on the basis of the punishment rating, mitigating factors are confined, Absolute conversion of incarceration to fine is prohibited, and power of judges in amount of mitigating are limited to a certain extent. On the other hand, the number of mitigating factors has been increased, the scope of the effect of the Mitigation has been developed, and the combination of the provisions of Mitigation and intensification has been organized. However, in spite of the coherent and organized appearance of the provisions of this law, there are some loopholes in this structure, which will manifest itself in practice and may prevent it from achieving its goals. The present study, by demonstrating that the deficiencies of this law will virtually form part of its provisions in conflict with other sectors, will provide suggestions at both legislative and judicial levels to address those objections.
Private Law
Mostafa Elsan; Payam Khanjari Kakavandi
Abstract
Objection to the plaintiff's representative at the time of filing the petition is one of the objections that cause a dismissal order according to Articles 84 and 89 of Iranian Civil Procedure Act. This objection does not apply if the petition is filed by the principal, because the authority is a matter ...
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Objection to the plaintiff's representative at the time of filing the petition is one of the objections that cause a dismissal order according to Articles 84 and 89 of Iranian Civil Procedure Act. This objection does not apply if the petition is filed by the principal, because the authority is a matter for the representative only. In addition, the effects of missing or losing a position during the trial are different from the absence of a position for the plaintiff's representative at the time of the lawsuit.In this article, while dealing with the concept of representation and some of its examples in the judicial procedure, the issue of lack of position and its effects in the Iranian civil proceedings are examined. The main question is what the objection of not holding the authority means and if this objection is found in the proceedings, what decision should the court make about it? There are several possible reasons for the illegality of the person claiming representation; In any case, the court must prevent the intervention of the person without representative in the proceedings by asserting this during the trial.
Bagher Shamlu; Majid Moradi
Abstract
Birth of paradigm and model of Security-oriented policy in the realm of liberal criminal law after September 11, 2001, radicalism and populism about the necessity of security- oriented policies have resulted in rise of restrictions against fair- trial guarantees in some cases of delinquency and criminals. ...
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Birth of paradigm and model of Security-oriented policy in the realm of liberal criminal law after September 11, 2001, radicalism and populism about the necessity of security- oriented policies have resulted in rise of restrictions against fair- trial guarantees in some cases of delinquency and criminals. This Security- oriented approach of “non-totalitarian states” to the crime the penetration of the minds and eyes of many criminal policy makers claiming democracy has changed their dominant approaches. This shift, certainly, does not intend the disenfranchisement of legitimate rights and freedoms of citizens. It happens sometimes referring to the justification of maintaining the public order and territorial and Transterritorial security of community, and in the other words, by resorting to sort of paternal pragmatism; and sometimes, beneath the mask of such arguments In the light of the increasing rise in crime rates and booming organization of crimes both at the national and international levels as well as the birth of new forms of criminality all over the world the significance if security at both domestic and international levels has increased which has caused changes in mind of the drafters of international instruments such as the Vienna , Merida , Palermo Convention . The present article examines Considerations on the problem of Security- oriented approach and its spread over one of the new forms of criminal action i.e. money laundering- particularly in the organized form - studying its consequent restrictions over the fair trial guarantees such as reverse burden of proof in the light of security – oriented Criminal policy.
Taher Habibzade
Abstract
Inconcludingelectroniccontracts, manyoflegalissuesimaginableintherealworldcanbeposed; suchthatthesamejudgmentscanbemadeinbothphysicalandelectroniccasesandjusttheappearancemaysometimesdiffer. Despitethis, sometimesnewcasesareputforththatcouldnothaveoccurredintherealworldandtheiroccurrence, duetotheintrinsiccharacteristicsofcyberspace, ...
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Inconcludingelectroniccontracts, manyoflegalissuesimaginableintherealworldcanbeposed; suchthatthesamejudgmentscanbemadeinbothphysicalandelectroniccasesandjusttheappearancemaysometimesdiffer. Despitethis, sometimesnewcasesareputforththatcouldnothaveoccurredintherealworldandtheiroccurrence, duetotheintrinsiccharacteristicsofcyberspace, isrestrictedtoelectroniccontracts. Oneofthecasesinwhichjusttheappearancehaschangedandtraditionaljudgmentsstillapplyforelectronicinstances, ismisrepresentation.
Mahdi khadem Sarbakhsh
Abstract
In cases of damage, we sometimes face a situation in which the physical, mental, social and economic conditions of the injured party can influence the damage or its amount; in these cases, the question is can the agent rely on these conditions to reduce his responsibility and if yes, under what circumstances. ...
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In cases of damage, we sometimes face a situation in which the physical, mental, social and economic conditions of the injured party can influence the damage or its amount; in these cases, the question is can the agent rely on these conditions to reduce his responsibility and if yes, under what circumstances. It seems that, considering the general inclination in the most of the legal systems in the world, it is better to distinguish among different conditions of the injured party. Also, we should believe that the agent can rely on these conditions to relieve his responsibility in two occasions. First, when the physical, mental, social and economic conditions of the injured party causes the damage such that if he/she had not been in that conditions there would have been no damage. Second, when the social and economic conditions of the injured party aggravates the damage. However, in these cases the intention of the agent or prediction of the injured party’s condition by the agent, prevents the influence of this condition on the agent.
Shahla Moazami; Saman Siavashi
Abstract
In this research we tried to find the most important reasons of committing robbery. In fact in this research we were about to find which variables have more effect on this crime. The study sample of this study was selected from robbers of in Tehran prisons. A sample of 180 robbers was selected which ...
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In this research we tried to find the most important reasons of committing robbery. In fact in this research we were about to find which variables have more effect on this crime. The study sample of this study was selected from robbers of in Tehran prisons. A sample of 180 robbers was selected which consisted of two groups including 90 persons. The first group was the robbers and the second one, as the control group, consisted of 90 nonviolent thieves. Assessment instrument was Interview and questionnaire. In one hand, the results show that there is correlation between robberies and family disorganization, deviant environment, childhood experiences of violence and humiliation and religious and moral beliefs of the individual. On the other hand, there is no proven relationship between robbery and economic situation.
Seyyed Ghasem Zamani; Abolfazl Shiralizadeh
Abstract
In the course of international tribunals’ adjudications, one of the most important issues to deal with is to solve the problem of conflict of laws through determining the applicable law. Monism and the priority of international law over domestic law was accepted and confirmed by the majority of ...
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In the course of international tribunals’ adjudications, one of the most important issues to deal with is to solve the problem of conflict of laws through determining the applicable law. Monism and the priority of international law over domestic law was accepted and confirmed by the majority of jurists, especially those believe in monism doctrine, from different legal systems. For the lawyers and arbitrators the interpretation of treaties and contracts is a vital and basic step in litigation or arbitration procedure. Toward determining of rights and duties of parties in investment law, the occurrence of conflict of laws between international law and domestic law is a usual and ordinary subject matter. Notwithstanding the indications of doctrine of priority of domestic law over international law, but the search in the Treaties, Contracts, Doctrine and Legal precedents verify the contrary view point. Today the states liabilities in investment arbitration even with the contractual origination, changed to the states international liabilities, with presence of new provisions like as umbrella clause (As catch all provision), which reaffirm on the priority and influence of international law over domestic law. My uppermost aim in writing this article has been to study and show this evolutionary legal transformation in international investment law and to meet that end legal precedent has been examined.
Kamran Mahmoodian Isfahani; Mahmood Malmir
Abstract
The conditions of redress and penalty for defloration have not been specified explicitly in the Iranian law. A discussion which often arises is about the conditions of the payment of arsh-ol-bekarah (bekarah=virginity) and mahr-ol-mesl in case of defloration. In this article, with the help of comparative ...
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The conditions of redress and penalty for defloration have not been specified explicitly in the Iranian law. A discussion which often arises is about the conditions of the payment of arsh-ol-bekarah (bekarah=virginity) and mahr-ol-mesl in case of defloration. In this article, with the help of comparative study on the penal laws enacted in 1370 and 1392 (1991 and 2013) and analyzing the basics of jurisprudence and judicial decisions, we have come to the conclusion that the hymen has no wergild and if defloration is performed with harshness, and through intercourse, both mahr-ol-mesl and arsh-ol-bekarah have to be paid. In this case unlike arsh-ol-bekarah, which is lower than the complete wergild for a woman, the amount of mahr-ol-mesl may be higher and if no intercourse has taken place then only mahr-ol-mesl has to be paid. In this case mahr-ol-mesl cannot exceed the complete wergild for a woman. In unintentional offenses only mahr-ol-mesl – according to the Islamic penal code enacted in 1991 – is paid. In case of consented defloration the mahr-ol-mesl and arsh-ol-bekarah are variable.
